湖(hu)北(bei)潤(run)德西科(ke)技有限公司自(zi)成立(li)以來，始(shi)終(zhong)堅持科(ke)研創(chuang)新，不斷學(xue)(xue)習(xi)，改進更新產品。經過多方論(lun)(lun)證、反復打(da)磨(mo)，2023年10月(yue)12日，由華北(bei)電力大學(xue)(xue)夏延秋博導與潤(run)德西總經理楊洪濤同志共同撰寫(xie)的(de)論(lun)(lun)文《電動汽車電機軸承電腐蝕(shi)及用脂分析》被中國(guo)(guo)石油(you)煉制分會評為“全(quan)(quan)國(guo)(guo)第二(er)十(shi)二(er)屆潤(run)滑脂技術交流會優秀論(lun)(lun)文”，并被中國(guo)(guo)石化出版社《全(quan)(quan)國(guo)(guo)第二(er)十(shi)二(er)屆潤(run)滑脂交流會論(lun)(lun)文集》收(shou)錄。

　　論文主(zhu)要論述的是：

　　根據電動汽(qi)車軸(zhou)承電流(liu)的(de)產生和發展，介紹軸(zhou)承潤(run)滑(hua)脂(zhi)(zhi)應具有的(de)性能(neng)(neng)(neng)和潤(run)滑(hua)脂(zhi)(zhi)的(de)潤(run)滑(hua)機理。對制(zhi)備的(de)潤(run)滑(hua)脂(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)理化學性能(neng)(neng)(neng)及(ji)潤(run)滑(hua)性能(neng)(neng)(neng)進(jin)行了分析評價(jia)。重點論述了電機軸(zhou)承的(de)結構組成及(ji)失效形式、電機軸(zhou)承的(de)失效原(yuan)因(yin)、軸(zhou)電流(liu)作用下(xia)軸(zhou)承的(de)防(fang)護、軸(zhou)電流(liu)作用下(xia)軸(zhou)承用潤(run)滑(hua)脂(zhi)(zhi)及(ji)導電潤(run)滑(hua)脂(zhi)(zhi)的(de)導電能(neng)(neng)(neng)力和摩擦學性能(neng)(neng)(neng)。

　　此次論文獲得(de)(de)榮譽正是(shi)對(dui)潤(run)德(de)西始終堅持(chi)科研(yan)創新精神的(de)肯(ken)定，反(fan)映了潤(run)德(de)西一貫(guan)支持(chi)創新、重視(shi)科研(yan)投入的(de)經營理念。相信(xin)在總經理楊洪濤同志的(de)帶領下(xia)，潤(run)德(de)西一定會取(qu)得(de)(de)更(geng)加輝煌的(de)成就。

　　附(fu)：論文(wen)原(yuan)文(wen)

　　電動汽車電機軸承電腐蝕及用脂分析

　　夏延秋1，楊洪濤2

　　(1.華北(bei)電力大學 能源動力與機械工程學院，北(bei)京 102206;.2. 湖(hu)北(bei)潤德(de)西(xi)科(ke)技有限(xian)公司潤德(de)西(xi)，襄(xiang)陽(yang) 441100 )

　　摘要：伴隨著雙碳計(ji)劃的(de)開展，新能源汽(qi)車(che)，尤其是純電動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)已開始大規模商用，純電動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)因其工(gong)作(zuo)環境發(fa)(fa)生變(bian)化，對潤(run)滑(hua)脂(zhi)性能提出了更高的(de)要求。本文根據電動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)軸(zhou)承電流的(de)產(chan)生和發(fa)(fa)展，介紹軸(zhou)承潤(run)滑(hua)脂(zhi)應具(ju)有的(de)性能和潤(run)滑(hua)脂(zhi)的(de)潤(run)滑(hua)機理。對制(zhi)備的(de)潤(run)滑(hua)脂(zhi)物理化學性能及潤(run)滑(hua)性能進行了分析評(ping)價。

　　關鍵詞：電(dian)力設(she)備;導電(dian)潤(run)滑脂(zhi);添加劑(ji);導電(dian)能力;潤(run)滑性(xing)能

　　Electrical Corrosion and Grease Analysis of Electric Vehicle Motor Bearings

　　Xia Yanqiu 1, Yang Hongtao 2

　　(1. School of Energy, Power and Mechanical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206; 2. Hubei Rundexi Technology Co., Ltd. Rundexi, Xiangyang 441100)

　　Abstract: With the implementation of the dual carbon plan, new energy vehicles, especially pure electric vehicles, have begun to be commercialized on a large scale. Pure electric vehicles have higher requirements for lubricating grease performance due to changes in their working environment. This article introduces the performance and lubrication mechanism of bearing grease based on the generation and development of electric vehicle bearing current. The physicochemical and lubricating properties of the prepared lubricating grease were analyzed and evaluated.

　　Keywords: power equipment; Conductive lubricating grease; additive; Conductivity

0引言

　　純(chun)電動汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)甩掉了(le)燃油發動機，以車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)載(zai)電源為動力，用電機驅動車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)輪行駛(shi)。由于零排放(fang)，對環境(jing)影響相對傳(chuan)統汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)較小，逐漸成為當今(jin)世界汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)行業發展的主流。截至(zhi)2022年(nian)底，我國純(chun)電動汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)保有量1045萬(wan)輛，而且(qie)每年(nian)以80%的速度增長。純(chun)電動汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)本身不排放(fang)有害(hai)氣體(ti)，同時(shi)電動汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)還可以充(chong)分利(li)用晚間用電低谷時(shi)富余的電力充(chong)電，使發電設備(bei)日夜都能充(chong)分利(li)用，大大提高其經(jing)濟效益(yi)。正是這些優點，使電動汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)的研究和應(ying)用成為汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)工業發展的“熱點”。

　　純(chun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車最重要(yao)的(de)(de)部件(jian)就是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)是(shi)一種電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁裝(zhuang)置(zhi)，遵循電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁感應定(ding)律，完成電(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)(de)轉換或傳(chuan)遞，是(shi)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)總稱(下文中(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)統稱為電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji))。電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)軸承(cheng)是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)設備組成中(zhong)發生(sheng)故(gu)(gu)障機(ji)(ji)(ji)率最高的(de)(de)部分，故(gu)(gu)障在整(zheng)個(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)軸承(cheng)中(zhong)約占(zhan)60%以上，其中(zhong)的(de)(de)30%又是(shi)因潤(run)滑不(bu)良所導致。可見軸承(cheng)潤(run)滑狀(zhuang)態的(de)(de)優劣，直接關系到整(zheng)個(ge)旋轉設備能否(fou)正常工作。如果不(bu)能準確(que)有效地判斷出電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)軸承(cheng)早(zao)期故(gu)(gu)障類型(xing)和(he)及(ji)時預知(zhi)軸承(cheng)的(de)(de)性(xing)能退(tui)化狀(zhuang)態和(he)損傷(shang)情況，則會影響整(zheng)個(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)系統的(de)(de)安全維護,易造成災難性(xing)的(de)(de)事故(gu)(gu)。

　　軸(zhou)承(cheng)潤滑(hua)脂具有(you)降低滾動體(ti)間摩擦、減少動力消耗、排出(chu)熱量、防(fang)(fang)止軸(zhou)承(cheng)溫升和(he)抗疲勞的作(zuo)(zuo)用，同(tong)時，軸(zhou)承(cheng)潤滑(hua)脂還應(ying)具有(you)好(hao)的潤滑(hua)性、抗氧化、防(fang)(fang)腐、防(fang)(fang)銹、減振和(he)降噪(zao)等作(zuo)(zuo)用。因(yin)此(ci)正確選(xuan)擇電機軸(zhou)承(cheng)脂是(shi)提高電機工作(zuo)(zuo)穩定性和(he)長壽命的關鍵(jian)。

1 電機軸承的結構組成及失效形式

　　如(ru)圖(tu)1所示(shi)，電(dian)機軸(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)通(tong)常選用(yong)滾動軸(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)，一(yi)般由(you)內圈(quan)、外圈(quan)、滾動體和保持架構(gou)成(cheng)，有人將潤滑(hua)(hua)脂(zhi)(zhi)稱(cheng)為電(dian)機軸(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)的“第5個(ge)零件(jian)”，可(ke)見電(dian)機軸(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)潤滑(hua)(hua)脂(zhi)(zhi)的重要(yao)性(xing)。

　　Fig.1 Composition diagram of motor bearing

　　圖1 電機(ji)軸承(cheng)組成圖

　　電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)軸承(cheng)是將運轉(zhuan)的(de)軸與(yu)(yu)(yu)軸座之間的(de)滑動(dong)(dong)摩擦(ca)(ca)變為滾(gun)動(dong)(dong)摩擦(ca)(ca)，從而(er)減少摩擦(ca)(ca)損(sun)(sun)失的(de)一種(zhong)精密的(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械元件。外圈(quan)起(qi)(qi)支撐作用，內(nei)圈(quan)與(yu)(yu)(yu)軸一起(qi)(qi)旋轉(zhuan)，滾(gun)動(dong)(dong)體與(yu)(yu)(yu)保持(chi)架配合并容(rong)納潤滑油脂(zhi)，引導滾(gun)動(dong)(dong)體旋轉(zhuan)起(qi)(qi)潤滑作用。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)軸承(cheng)的(de)主(zhu)要失效形式包(bao)括疲勞(lao)、磨(mo)損(sun)(sun)、塑性變形、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)腐(fu)蝕(shi)和點蝕(shi)等(deng)。其中疲勞(lao)磨(mo)損(sun)(sun)、腐(fu)蝕(shi)、燒傷主(zhu)要與(yu)(yu)(yu)潤滑脂(zhi)的(de)質量有(you)關，而(er)塑性變形和保持(chi)架損(sun)(sun)壞主(zhu)要與(yu)(yu)(yu)軸承(cheng)材料(liao)有(you)關，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)腐(fu)蝕(shi)主(zhu)要與(yu)(yu)(yu)軸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流有(you)關。大量的(de)實(shi)例分析報告涉及到火電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠高壓(ya)變頻調速電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)、水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)水(shui)輪(lun)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)、核電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠汽輪(lun)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)、石(shi)化大中型三相異步電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)、有(you)軌機(ji)(ji)(ji)車牽引電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)、純電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)等(deng)等(deng)諸多行業的(de)各種(zhong)規模型號(hao)種(zhong)類(lei)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)軸承(cheng)，顯(xian)然(ran)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)腐(fu)蝕(shi)是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)故障中一類(lei)越來越不容(rong)忽視的(de)問題(ti)。

　　1、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓過(guo)高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)蝕(shi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)指(zhi)(zhi)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承內圈(quan)(quan)(quan)和(he)(he)(he)滾(gun)動體(ti)(ti)之(zhi)間(jian)、軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承外(wai)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)和(he)(he)(he)滾(gun)動體(ti)(ti)之(zhi)間(jian)各自構成(cheng)一個(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)，當軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承內外(wai)套(tao)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)和(he)(he)(he)滾(gun)動體(ti)(ti)之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓超過(guo)絕緣(yuan)擊穿(chuan)閾值時(shi)，就(jiu)會(hui)(hui)擊穿(chuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)產生(sheng)(sheng)瞬(shun)時(shi)大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)通(tong)過(guo)滾(gun)動體(ti)(ti)和(he)(he)(he)潤(run)(run)滑(hua)油(you)膜從軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承的(de)一個(ge)套(tao)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)傳遞到另(ling)一個(ge)套(tao)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)，在(zai)(zai)套(tao)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)和(he)(he)(he)滾(gun)動體(ti)(ti)之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)接觸(chu)區(qu)發生(sheng)(sheng)集中火(huo)花放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，局部(bu)火(huo)花溫(wen)度(du)很高(gao)，造成(cheng)在(zai)(zai)非(fei)常短的(de)時(shi)間(jian)間(jian)隔內局部(bu)受(shou)熱，使得接觸(chu)區(qu)發生(sheng)(sheng)熔化并(bing)(bing)膠合在(zai)(zai)一起。2、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)泄漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)蝕(shi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)指(zhi)(zhi)即使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)強度(du)很小，在(zai)(zai)連(lian)續形成(cheng)時(shi)也(ye)(ye)會(hui)(hui)發生(sheng)(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)腐蝕(shi)現(xian)象(xiang)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)通(tong)過(guo)整個(ge)接觸(chu)橢圓(yuan)(球(qiu)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承)和(he)(he)(he)接觸(chu)線(滾(gun)子軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承)，隨(sui)著軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)，凹(ao)坑將(jiang)逐(zhu)步發展為(wei)波紋狀(zhuang)凹(ao)槽，也(ye)(ye)稱(cheng)為(wei)“搓衣(yi)板紋”。通(tong)常軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)蝕(shi)分為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓過(guo)高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)蝕(shi)和(he)(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)泄露電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)蝕(shi)兩類。圖2示出了軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)腐蝕(shi)損傷(shang)的(de)2種類型。針對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)對潤(run)(run)滑(hua)脂(zhi)的(de)影(ying)響通(tong)常有兩種觀(guan)點(dian)，一種是(shi)(shi)(shi)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)瞬(shun)間(jian)釋放的(de)熱量引(yin)起潤(run)(run)滑(hua)脂(zhi)變質，油(you)膜破裂，使軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承溫(wen)度(du)升高(gao)，嚴(yan)重的(de)將(jiang)會(hui)(hui)導致潤(run)(run)滑(hua)油(you)碳化并(bing)(bing)失去潤(run)(run)滑(hua)作用，并(bing)(bing)使軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承表(biao)面產生(sheng)(sheng)不可恢(hui)復的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)腐蝕(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)腐蝕(shi)的(de)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承表(biao)面被局部(bu)加熱和(he)(he)(he)熔化，會(hui)(hui)出現(xian)斑點(dian)或凹(ao)坑呈(cheng)現(xian)出金屬熔融現(xian)象(xiang)或波紋狀(zhuang)損傷(shang)。另(ling)一種觀(guan)點(dian)認為(wei)，穩定的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)不會(hui)(hui)引(yin)起導電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)潤(run)(run)滑(hua)脂(zhi)的(de)降解和(he)(he)(he)失效。

2 電機軸承的失效原因

　　傳統三(san)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機，其軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流主要由電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機磁(ci)(ci)路(lu)不平衡和(he)不對稱(cheng)引起(qi)，環繞軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)的(de)凈磁(ci)(ci)通量產生(sheng)(sheng)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流。而(er)現代PWM變頻供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)源(yuan)逆變器輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)只(zhi)有高(gao)低電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平兩(liang)種狀態，只(zhi)有兩(liang)個輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)狀態時(shi)，不可能產生(sheng)(sheng)完(wan)全對稱(cheng)的(de)三(san)相(xiang)波形，因此會發生(sheng)(sheng)不平衡(三(san)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)和(he)不為零(ling))。其結(jie)果是繞組中(zhong)(zhong)性點在(zai)正負直流母線電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平之間(jian)跳(tiao)變，在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機繞組和(he)殼(ke)體地之間(jian)產生(sheng)(sheng)非常(chang)大的(de)共模電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，同時(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)幅值變化(hua)率較高(gao)。這些因素通過多(duo)種路(lu)徑耦(ou)合導(dao)致新增多(duo)種形式的(de)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，其因果效應鏈如(ru)圖3所示。另外根據電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機結(jie)構及工作(zuo)原理，由于轉(zhuan)子偏(pian)心、間(jian)隙不均勻、定子硅鋼片接縫，以及電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機的(de)其他故(gu)障，導(dao)致主軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)的(de)旋轉(zhuan)磁(ci)(ci)場(chang)不對稱(cheng)，軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)兩(liang)端(duan)將(jiang)會出(chu)現交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，當軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)上(shang)的(de)分電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)達到一定閾值時(shi)，將(jiang)擊穿軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)油(you)膜, 在(zai)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)轉(zhuan)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)、內圈(quan)、外圈(quan)和(he)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)室組成的(de)回路(lu)中(zhong)(zhong)產生(sheng)(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，導(dao)致軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)失(shi)效。

　　Fig. 3 Bearing current induced by variable frequency drive motor

　　圖3變(bian)頻驅(qu)動電(dian)機誘導的軸(zhou)承電(dian)流

3 軸電流作用下軸承的防護

　　有學者提出(chu)內(nei)圈(quan)絕(jue)(jue)緣、外(wai)圈(quan)絕(jue)(jue)緣和滾動(dong)體(ti)絕(jue)(jue)緣3種絕(jue)(jue)緣方(fang)式，其(qi)中永磁電(dian)機軸承(cheng)內(nei)徑(jing)和外(wai)徑(jing)表面形狀(zhuang)不(bu)規(gui)則，不(bu)適合(he)采用(yong)(yong)內(nei)、外(wai)圈(quan)噴(pen)涂絕(jue)(jue)緣層(見圖4)，應該選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)陶(tao)瓷滾動(dong)體(ti)混合(he)軸承(cheng)實(shi)現軸承(cheng)絕(jue)(jue)緣的要求。減小或消(xiao)除軸電(dian)流(liu)引起的損(sun)傷(shang)，主(zhu)要手段是限制軸電(dian)壓的升(sheng)高和定向(xiang)引導軸電(dian)流(liu)流(liu)通路徑(jing)，方(fang)法有多種(見圖5)。針對電(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)電(dian)機軸電(dian)流(liu)問題，特斯(si)拉和華為(wei)均推出(chu)了相(xiang)關(guan)專利技術，來(lai)抑制軸電(dian)流(liu)。

　　Fig. 5 Bearing current suppression method picture

　　圖(tu)5 軸承(cheng)電流抑制方(fang)法圖(tu)

4 軸電流作(zuo)用(yong)下軸承(cheng)用(yong)潤滑脂

　　軸(zhou)承(cheng)多采(cai)用(yong)脂潤滑(hua)，潤滑(hua)脂在(zai)滾(gun)(gun)動(dong)體表面(mian)形成一層油膜，把滾(gun)(gun)動(dong)體與(yu)滾(gun)(gun)動(dong)軌道(dao)隔開，降低接觸表面(mian)的(de)摩擦和(he)磨(mo)損、噪聲、軸(zhou)承(cheng)溫升，延長了軸(zhou)承(cheng)的(de)疲勞壽命。此外，潤滑(hua)脂還可防(fang)止外部(bu)的(de)灰塵等(deng)異(yi)物進入(ru)軸(zhou)承(cheng)內部(bu)，起到(dao)一定(ding)的(de)密封防(fang)塵作(zuo)用(yong)。對于電機軸(zhou)承(cheng)，由于軸(zhou)電流(liu)的(de)存在(zai)，潤滑(hua)脂的(de)選擇上就要考慮潤滑(hua)脂的(de)防(fang)電腐蝕(shi)性能(neng)，同時潤滑(hua)脂也(ye)是保證軸(zhou)承(cheng)不損傷(shang)的(de)最后一道(dao)屏障。

　　Miliani[1]指出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車、鐵路機(ji)車電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)存在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)問題嚴(yan)重(zhong)影(ying)響(xiang)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)壽命;Prashad等(deng)[2]觀(guan)察(cha)到(dao)當(dang)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)通(tong)過(guo)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)時(shi)(shi)，破(po)壞了(le)油(you)膜穩定和(he)潤(run)(run)滑(hua)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)物理化(hua)學性(xing)能, 不僅在(zai)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)頸和(he)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)瓦上出(chu)現電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)弧放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)麻點損(sun)(sun)傷(shang)，還發(fa)現了(le)波(bo)紋(wen)(wen)狀(zhuang)損(sun)(sun)傷(shang)，并通(tong)過(guo)測試(shi)(shi)潤(run)(run)滑(hua)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)阻(zu)(zu)抗變化(hua)來確定軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)軌道產(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)熱量(liang)和(he)瞬時(shi)(shi)溫(wen)升，并以(yi)此估算波(bo)紋(wen)(wen)損(sun)(sun)傷(shang)程度;Biswas等(deng)[3]的(de)(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)究表(biao)明軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)即使(shi)水(shui)(shui)平(ping)較低，也(ye)可以(yi)積累(lei)足夠的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)，使(shi)潤(run)(run)滑(hua)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)分(fen)(fen)解(jie)，在(zai)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)表(biao)面(mian)形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)蝕(shi)損(sun)(sun)傷(shang);Prashad[4-5]發(fa)現當(dang)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)低于軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)閾值(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)時(shi)(shi)，會形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)局(ju)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)引(yin)(yin)起(qi)潤(run)(run)滑(hua)油(you)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)分(fen)(fen)解(jie)，甚至碳化(hua);而(er)當(dang)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)高(gao)于閾值(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)時(shi)(shi)，軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)會突然增加(jia)，引(yin)(yin)起(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)弧侵蝕(shi)、加(jia)速潤(run)(run)滑(hua)油(you)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)失(shi)效，形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)蝕(shi)損(sun)(sun)傷(shang);Tischmacher等(deng)[6]在(zai)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)測試(shi)(shi)平(ping)臺上的(de)(de)(de)試(shi)(shi)驗表(biao)明，潤(run)(run)滑(hua)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)性(xing)、外加(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的(de)(de)(de)高(gao)低、軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)溫(wen)度的(de)(de)(de)變化(hua)、振(zhen)動(dong)情況和(he)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)轉速均(jun)影(ying)響(xiang)油(you)膜厚度及能否擊穿; Romanenko等(deng)[7-8]考察(cha)了(le)幾(ji)種典(dian)型潤(run)(run)滑(hua)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)作用(yong)(yong)下引(yin)(yin)起(qi)降解(jie)時(shi)(shi)，潤(run)(run)滑(hua)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)介電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)強度和(he)化(hua)學成(cheng)分(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)(de)變化(hua)，發(fa)現潤(run)(run)滑(hua)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中稠化(hua)劑(ji)(ji)分(fen)(fen)解(jie)成(cheng)酸和(he)醇(chun)并形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)水(shui)(shui)合物，因(yin)添加(jia)劑(ji)(ji)分(fen)(fen)解(jie)而(er)失(shi)去潤(run)(run)滑(hua)作用(yong)(yong)，因(yin)而(er)導(dao)致軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)表(biao)面(mian)失(shi)去防(fang)護，此時(shi)(shi)若能夠及時(shi)(shi)補充新的(de)(de)(de)潤(run)(run)滑(hua)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，則軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)暫時(shi)(shi)消失(shi)。但目前的(de)(de)(de)結論是(shi)： 研(yan)(yan)究發(fa)現，選用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)和(he)高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)潤(run)(run)滑(hua)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時(shi)(shi)，都會引(yin)(yin)起(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)腐蝕(shi)。Suzumura[9]的(de)(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)究發(fa)現，選用(yong)(yong)聚α烯烴、酯類油(you)做電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)潤(run)(run)滑(hua)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)基(ji)礎(chu)油(you)，分(fen)(fen)別以(yi)納米炭(tan)黑做稠化(hua)劑(ji)(ji)制(zhi)備的(de)(de)(de)低電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)潤(run)(run)滑(hua)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(1.7×103Ω?cm、6.7×101Ω?cm)，在(zai)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)作用(yong)(yong)下，軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)表(biao)面(mian)沒有(you)出(chu)現波(bo)紋(wen)(wen)狀(zhuang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)蝕(shi)損(sun)(sun)傷(shang)，但用(yong)(yong)礦物油(you)制(zhi)備的(de)(de)(de)復(fu)合鋰(li)基(ji)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、復(fu)合鋰(li)基(ji)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)再(zai)加(jia)入碳納米管(guan)的(de)(de)(de)高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)潤(run)(run)滑(hua)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)( >1×107Ω?cm、5.6×104Ω?cm)，則出(chu)現了(le)波(bo)紋(wen)(wen)狀(zhuang)損(sun)(sun)傷(shang)。作者(zhe)認為導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)潤(run)(run)滑(hua)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)可以(yi)預防(fang)波(bo)紋(wen)(wen)狀(zhuang)損(sun)(sun)傷(shang)的(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)因(yin)，是(shi)由于導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通(tong)道的(de)(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)降低了(le)接(jie)觸區的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)密度，所以(yi)低電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)潤(run)(run)滑(hua)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不易產(chan)生波(bo)紋(wen)(wen)狀(zhuang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)蝕(shi)損(sun)(sun)傷(shang)。

5 導電潤滑脂的導電能力和摩擦學性能

　　已(yi)有的研究發現，導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)金(jin)屬(shu)粉(fen)(fen)包括銀粉(fen)(fen)、鎢(wu)粉(fen)(fen)、鎳粉(fen)(fen)和(he)銅(tong)粉(fen)(fen)以及硼酸鹽、二(er)硫(liu)化鎢(wu)，導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)炭(tan)黑等(deng)(deng)導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)添加劑(ji)已(yi)廣泛(fan)應用(yong)在導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)潤滑脂(zhi)中(zhong)。隨著(zhu)科技進步(bu)，離子(zi)液體、聚合物和(he)低(di)維碳納米材料(liao)等(deng)(deng)非金(jin)屬(shu)導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)材料(liao)的研究也悄然(ran)興(xing)起，不斷有研究成果面世。微納米級銀粉(fen)(fen)、銅(tong)粉(fen)(fen)、鋁粉(fen)(fen)等(deng)(deng)金(jin)屬(shu)導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)介質易導(dao)致(zhi)導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)潤滑脂(zhi)氧化和(he)接觸副(fu)磨(mo)損，用(yong)非金(jin)屬(shu)導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)材料(liao)取代金(jin)屬(shu)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)材料(liao)成為必然(ran)。

　　本課題組(zu)率先開展(zhan)了(le)潤(run)滑(hua)脂(zhi)(zhi)導電(dian)(dian)添(tian)加(jia)劑的(de)研究(jiu)。2012年(nian)，王澤云[10]發(fa)表(biao)了(le)離子液(ye)體合成導電(dian)(dian)潤(run)滑(hua)脂(zhi)(zhi)的(de)研究(jiu)論(lun)文(wen)(表(biao)2列出了(le)潤(run)滑(hua)脂(zhi)(zhi)的(de)導電(dian)(dian)性能(neng))。隨后樊小強(qiang)[11]發(fa)表(biao)了(le)用原位方法合成的(de)離子液(ye)體做導電(dian)(dian)添(tian)加(jia)劑的(de)論(lun)文(wen)(見表(biao)3、圖6)，探索了(le)不(bu)同離子液(ye)體的(de)在(zai)聚(ju)四氟潤(run)滑(hua)脂(zhi)(zhi)中的(de)導電(dian)(dian)能(neng)力及摩(mo)擦學性能(neng)。

　　表(biao)2 新型(xing)潤滑脂的物(wu)理性能

　　Table 2 Physical properties of the new lubricating greases

　　(a) Friction coefficients ;(b) wear volume

　　Fig.6 Friction coefficients and wear volume of the greases under various loads.

　　圖(tu)6 潤滑(hua)脂在不(bu)同載荷下的摩擦(ca)系數(shu)和(he)磨損量

　　表3 合成潤滑脂(zhi)的(de)物理性能

　　Table 3 Physical properties of the synthesized lubricating greases

　　圖(tu)7 潤滑(hua)脂潤滑(hua)的鋼(gang)盤的摩(mo)擦系(xi)數(shu)和磨(mo)損量

　　Fig.7 The friction coefficient and wear volume of a steel disk lubricated by the greases

　　隨后我們又陸續(xu)發(fa)(fa)表了(le)多篇用離子液(ye)體做導電(dian)添加劑的研究論(lun)文[12-17]。其中葛翔(xiang)宇[18-19]發(fa)(fa)了(le)用原位合(he)成離子液(ye)的方法制(zhi)備復合(he)鋰基(ji)導電(dian)潤滑(hua)脂(見(jian)表4、圖7、8)。

　　表(biao)4 潤滑脂(zhi)的導電性

　　Table 4 Electrical conductive of grease

　　圖7 不同載荷(he)下(xia)潤滑脂的摩擦因(yin)數

　　Fig.7 Friction coefficient of grease under different loads

　　圖8 不同載荷下潤滑脂的磨(mo)損(sun)體(ti)積(ji)

　　Fig.7 Wear volume of grease under different loads

　　研究表(biao)明，離子(zi)液(ye)體的加入能(neng)(neng)夠大幅降低(di)潤滑(hua)(hua)脂的體積電阻(zu)率(lv)，提高潤滑(hua)(hua)脂的電導能(neng)(neng)力(li)，減(jian)小接觸電阻(zu)，同(tong)時大幅度降低(di)摩擦因數和(he)磨(mo)損體積，體現了優(you)良的摩擦學性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)。葛翔宇[20]發現不(bu)同(tong)的離子(zi)液(ye)體導電能(neng)(neng)力(li)不(bu)同(tong)(見下表(biao)5)。并且發現具有優(you)異的減(jian)摩和(he)抗磨(mo)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(見下圖9)。

　　表5 潤滑脂(zhi)的(de)導電性能

　　Table 5 Conductive Properties of the Greases

　　圖9 潤滑(hua)脂在不(bu)同(tong)載荷下的摩擦系(xi)數和磨損(sun)量

　　Fig.9 Friction coefficients and wear volume of the greases under various loads

　　(a) Friction coefficients ;(b) wear volume

　　劉椿[21]等將碳(tan)納米(mi)(mi)(mi)管(guan)(guan)( CNTs) 作(zuo)為(wei)添(tian)加劑(ji)，制備(bei)了(le)以油(you)溶(rong)性聚(ju)(ju)醚為(wei)基礎油(you)，聚(ju)(ju)四氟乙(yi)烯(xi)(xi)( PTFE) 作(zuo)稠化劑(ji)的導電(dian)(dian)(dian)潤(run)滑脂。實驗結果(guo)表明含(han)碳(tan)納米(mi)(mi)(mi)管(guan)(guan)的潤(run)滑脂與含(han)導電(dian)(dian)(dian)炭黑的潤(run)滑脂相比較，不但具(ju)有優(you)(you)異的潤(run)滑性能，還具(ju)有低(di)的體積電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)率。吳(wu)禮寧[22]分(fen)別(bie)以不同含(han)量的納米(mi)(mi)(mi)碳(tan)管(guan)(guan)和(he)石墨(mo)烯(xi)(xi)為(wei)添(tian)加劑(ji)，二甲基硅(gui)(gui)油(you)為(wei)基礎油(you)，聚(ju)(ju)四氟乙(yi)烯(xi)(xi)作(zuo)稠化劑(ji)，制備(bei)了(le)導電(dian)(dian)(dian)潤(run)滑硅(gui)(gui)脂。研究發現兩種添(tian)加劑(ji)的加入能夠(gou)降低(di)硅(gui)(gui)脂體積電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)率和(he)摩擦(ca)系數(shu)，且納米(mi)(mi)(mi)碳(tan)管(guan)(guan)硅(gui)(gui)脂體積電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)率小于石墨(mo)烯(xi)(xi)硅(gui)(gui)脂，且納米(mi)(mi)(mi)碳(tan)管(guan)(guan)的抗(kang)磨(mo)減摩性能更優(you)(you)。這些研究經(jing)驗與結果(guo)鼓舞著我們(men)對納米(mi)(mi)(mi)碳(tan)管(guan)(guan)做深入的研究與探討。

　　為(wei)此，本課題組進行了(le)初(chu)步的嘗試[23-24]，將石(shi)墨烯或(huo)碳(tan)納米(mi)管(guan)加入到咪唑類離(li)子(zi)液體(ti)中(zhong)研磨，得到了(le)石(shi)墨烯、碳(tan)納米(mi)管(guan)離(li)子(zi)液體(ti)凝膠復合材料。并(bing)且完成(cheng)了(le)一些修飾復合物作為(wei)導電介質的電力復合脂制備(bei)和測(ce)試工作(見(jian)圖(tu)10、表6)。

　　圖(tu)10 自(zi)制潤(run)滑脂(zhi)樣品

　　Fig.10 Self-made grease sample

　　表6 自制潤滑脂理化(hua)性能

　　Table 6 Physical and chemical properties of self-made grease

　　同(tong)時制備了以聚苯(ben)胺(an)(an)(an)(an)有(you)機(ji)高分子做導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)添加(jia)劑的(de)(de)(de)潤(run)滑(hua)(hua)脂(zhi)，曹正鋒[25]等以聚苯(ben)胺(an)(an)(an)(an)為導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)微粒制備了導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)復合鋰基潤(run)滑(hua)(hua)脂(zhi)和(he)聚四氟(fu)導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)潤(run)滑(hua)(hua)脂(zhi)，發現其具(ju)(ju)有(you)較好的(de)(de)(de)理(li)化(hua)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)、抗腐蝕性(xing)能(neng)(neng)、摩(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)擦(ca)學性(xing)能(neng)(neng)和(he)導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)力(見圖(tu)11，表7)。并認為導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)聚苯(ben)胺(an)(an)(an)(an)潤(run)滑(hua)(hua)脂(zhi)優異的(de)(de)(de)抗腐蝕性(xing)歸因于“隔(ge)離效(xiao)應”和(he)導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)聚苯(ben)胺(an)(an)(an)(an)與(yu)金(jin)屬反應生成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)致密(mi)鈍化(hua)膜(mo);導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)潤(run)滑(hua)(hua)脂(zhi)具(ju)(ju)有(you)好的(de)(de)(de)減(jian)摩(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)抗磨(mo)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)和(he)導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)力是由(you)于聚苯(ben)胺(an)(an)(an)(an)可(ke)以減(jian)小摩(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)擦(ca)界面之間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)直接(jie)接(jie)觸，并且(qie)可(ke)以在摩(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)擦(ca)表面形(xing)成(cheng)復雜(za)的(de)(de)(de)物理(li)化(hua)學保護膜(mo);而導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)聚苯(ben)胺(an)(an)(an)(an)潤(run)滑(hua)(hua)脂(zhi)具(ju)(ju)有(you)優異的(de)(de)(de)導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)力主要是因為聚苯(ben)胺(an)(an)(an)(an)具(ju)(ju)有(you)相(xiang)對較大的(de)(de)(de)比(bi)表面積，可(ke)以在潤(run)滑(hua)(hua)脂(zhi)中形(xing)成(cheng)更加(jia)充(chong)分的(de)(de)(de)導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網絡，從而提高摩(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)擦(ca)過程(cheng)中的(de)(de)(de)導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)力[26](見表8、9、圖(tu)12)。

　　圖11 MFT-R4000摩擦機，在室溫(wen)(負載(zai):20 N，行程(cheng):5 mm，頻率:5 Hz，電流:0-20 A)下，PANI潤滑脂在0-20 A電流梯度測(ce)試中摩擦系(xi)數隨時間的變化

　　Fig.11 MFT-R4000 tribometer and evolution of friction coefficient with time during a current ramp test from 0 to 20 A for PANI grease at room temperature (load: 20 N, stroke: 5 mm, frequency: 5 Hz, current: 0-20 A)

　　表(biao)7 導(dao)電離子液(ye)體潤滑脂的理化性(xing)能(添加(jia)劑含量0.1%)

　　Table 7 Physicochemical characteristics of the conductive lubricating greases containing 0.1% additives

　　表(biao)8 聚脲脂及添加聚苯(ben)胺(an)后的導電(dian)性(xing)能

　　Table 8 The electrical conductivity of polyurea and polyaniline

　　表9 復合鋰基(ji)脂及添(tian)加聚苯(ben)胺(an)后的性能(neng)

　　Table 9 Properties of lithium compound lipids and polyaniline

　　圖12 在潤滑脂中導電(dian)過程示意圖

　　Fig.12 Diagram of conductive process in grease

五 結論和展望

　　目前, 對電(dian)機軸承用(yong)(yong)潤(run)(run)滑(hua)(hua)(hua)脂(zhi)的(de)(de)研究(jiu)引起廣泛關注，但很(hen)少有研究(jiu)論文和(he)相(xiang)關專利(li)。未來純(chun)(chun)電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)導(dao)電(dian)潤(run)(run)滑(hua)(hua)(hua)脂(zhi)研究(jiu)的(de)(de)重點內容可能包括: (1) 高性能多功能導(dao)電(dian)添(tian)(tian)加劑的(de)(de)合成(cheng)及(ji)應(ying)用(yong)(yong);(2) 純(chun)(chun)電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)潤(run)(run)滑(hua)(hua)(hua)脂(zhi)中添(tian)(tian)加劑的(de)(de)感(gan)受性及(ji)配(pei)伍性研究(jiu); (3) 純(chun)(chun)電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)潤(run)(run)滑(hua)(hua)(hua)脂(zhi)在不同的(de)(de)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)背景(jing)和(he)不同的(de)(de)工作條件的(de)(de)安全使(shi)用(yong)(yong)性; (4) 純(chun)(chun)電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)潤(run)(run)滑(hua)(hua)(hua)脂(zhi)的(de)(de)導(dao)電(dian)和(he)潤(run)(run)滑(hua)(hua)(hua)機理還需深(shen)入研究(jiu); (5) 如何解決載流條件下摩擦副的(de)(de)電(dian)蝕(shi)問題;(6)綠色(se)環(huan)保(bao)導(dao)電(dian)潤(run)(run)滑(hua)(hua)(hua)脂(zhi)是未來發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)方向。總之，隨(sui)著技術的(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)和(he)進步(bu)，純(chun)(chun)電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)潤(run)(run)滑(hua)(hua)(hua)脂(zhi)具有深(shen)入研究(jiu)的(de)(de)價值和(he)廣闊的(de)(de)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)前景(jing)。

六 參考文獻

　　[1]Miliani H E. Leakage current and commutation losses reduction in electric drives for hybrid electric vehicle[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2014, 255: 266–273.

　　[2]shad H. Theoretical and experimental investigations on the pitch and width of corrugations on the surfaces of ball bearings[J]. Wear, 1991, 143(1): 1–14. doi: 10.1016/0043-1648(91)90081-5.

　　[3]was S, Bose S C, Bhave S K, et al. Study of corrugations in motor bearings[J]. Tribology International, 1992, 25(1): 27–36.

　　[4]Prashad H. Effects of operating parameters on the threshold voltage and impedance response on non-insulated rolling-element bearings under the action of electric current[J]. Wear, 1987, 117(2): 223–240.

　　[5]VILA J, GINES P, PICO J M, et al. Temperature dependence of the electrical conductivity in EMIM-based ionic liquids: evidence of Vogel–Tamman–Fulcher behavior[J]. Fluid Phase Equilibria, 2006, 242(2): 141-146.

　　[6]VILA J, VARELA L M, CABEEZA O. Cation and anion sizes influence in the temperature dependence of theelectrical conductivity in nine imidazolium based ionic liquids[J]. Electrochim Acta, 2007, 52(26): 7413-7417.

　　[7]GE X Y, XIA Y Q, SHU Z Y, et al. Conductive grease synthesized using nanometer ATO as an additive[J]. Friction, 2015, 3(4):352-352.

　　[8] Prashad H, Murthy T S R. Behaviour of greases in statically bounded conditions and when used in non-insulated anti-friction bearings under the influence of electrical fields[J]. Lubrication Engineering, 1988, 44(3): 239–246.

　　[9] Junichi SUZUMURA. Translate by Zhou Xianquan Prevention of electrical pitting on rolling bearing by electrically conductive grease[J]. Foreign Railway Vehicles, 2018, 55(2): 33–37

　　(in Chinese) [Junichi SUZUMURA.周(zhou)賢全(譯) 用導(dao)電潤滑脂預防滾動軸(zhou)承電蝕[J]. 國外鐵道車輛, 2018, 55(2): 33–37].

　　[10]WANG Z Y, XIA Y Q , LIU Z L, et al. Conductive Lubricating Grease Synthesized Using the Ionic Liquid[J]. Tribology Letters, 2012, 46(1):33-42.

　　[13]CAO Z F, XIA Y Q. Synthesis and tribological properties of polyaniline functionalized by ionic liquids[J]. Journal of Materials Science, 2018, 53(9):7060-7071.

　　14]CAO Z F, XIA Y Q, CHEN C. Fabrication of novel ionic liquids-doped polyaniline as lubricant additive for anti-corrosion and tribological properties[J]. Tribology International, 2018, 120:446-454.

　　[15]夏(xia)延秋(qiu), 韓鈺, 馮欣. 離子液體潤滑(hua)性及(ji)導電能力研究進展[J]. 摩(mo)擦學學報(bao), 2016, 36(6): 794-802.(XIA Yanqiu, HAN Yu, FENG Xin. The Research Progress on Lubrication and Electrical Conductivity of Ionic Liquids[J]. Tribology, 2016, 36(6): 794-802.)

　　[16]王國剛, 趙悅菊, 舒宗(zong)英(ying), 等. 離子液體在潤滑脂中的導電性和摩擦學性能研究[J].潤滑與密封,2016,41(03):118-122.(WANG Guogang，ZHAO Yueju，SHU Zongying，et al.Conductivity and Tribological Performances of Ionic Liquid as Base Oil of Greases[J].Lubrication Engineering,2016,41(03):118-122.)

　　[17]吳禮(li)寧, 夏延秋, 馮欣, 等. 離子(zi)液體(ti)潤(run)滑(hua)脂導(dao)電性研究[J]. 摩擦(ca)學(xue)(xue)學(xue)(xue)報, 2014, 34(2): 198-202.(WU Lining, XIA Yanqiu, FENG Xin, et al. Electrical Conductivity of Ionic Liquids as Lubricating Grease[J]. Tribology, 2014, 34(2): 198-202.)

　　[18]葛翔宇(yu), 夏延秋, 馮欣, 等. 鋰(li)鹽型電(dian)力復合脂的導電(dian)性和摩擦學性能[J].機械工程學報,2015,51(15):61-66.(GE Xiangyu，XIA Yanqiu，FENG Xin, et al.Electrical Conductivities and Tribological Properties of Lithium Salts Conductive Grease[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering,2015,51(15):61-66.)

　　[19]葛翔宇, 夏延秋, 舒宗英. 離子液體作為潤滑脂添加劑的導電性(xing)(xing)和摩(mo)擦學性(xing)(xing)能[J].石油煉(lian)制與化工,2015,46(04):78-82.(GE Xiangyu，XIA Yanqiu，SHU Zongying .Conductivity and Tribological Properties of Ionic Liquid as Grease Additives[J].2015,46(04):78-82.)

　　[20]GE X Y, XIA Y Q, SHU Z Y. Conductive and Tribological Properties of Lithium-Based Ionic Liquids as Grease Base Oil[J]. Tribology Transactions, 2015, 58(4):686-690.

　　[21]劉椿, 夏延秋(qiu), 曹(cao)正鋒. 碳(tan)納米管在潤滑(hua)脂(zhi)中的導電(dian)性和摩(mo)擦(ca)學性能研究[J]. 摩(mo)擦(ca)學學報, 2015, 35(4): 393-397.(LIU Chun, XIA Yanqiu, CAO Zhengfeng. Conductivity and Tribological Properties of Carbon Nanotubes in Grease[J]. Tribology, 2015, 35(4): 393-397.)

　　[22]吳(wu)禮寧, 夏延(yan)秋, 吳(wu)浩, 等.納米碳管/石墨烯導(dao)電硅(gui)脂的性(xing)能[J].材料導(dao)報,2021,35(06):6189-6193.(WU Lining，XIA Yanqiu，WU Hao，et al. Properties of Carbon Nanotubes / Graphene Conductive Silicone Grease[J].Materials Reports，2021,35(06):6189-6193.)

　　[23]夏延秋, 李西志(zhi). 離(li)子液體(ti)修飾的碳(tan)納米管(guan)在脂中(zhong)的摩擦學性能研究[J].潤滑與密封,2021,46(03):90-94.(XIA Yanqiu, LI Xizhi.Tribological properties of ionic liquid modified carbon nanotubes in grease[J]. Lubrication Engineering，2021，46( 3) : 90-94.)

　　[24]曹正鋒, 夏延秋, 陳俊寰. 氣相(xiang)生長碳纖維作(zuo)為(wei)潤滑脂導電填料(liao)的(de)摩擦(ca)學性能研究[J]. 摩擦(ca)學學報, 2016, 36(2): 137-144. (CAO Zhengfeng, XIA Yanqiu, CHEN Junhuan. Tribological Properties of Vapor Grown Carbon Fibers as Conductive Additive in Grease[J]. TRIBOLOGY, 2016, 36(2): 137-144.)

　　[25]CAO Z F, XIA Y Q. Corrosion Resistance and Tribological Characteristics of Polyaniline as Lubricating Additive in Grease[J]. Journal of Tribology,2017,139(6),061801.

　　[26]胡亦超, 夏(xia)延秋. 導電聚苯胺在潤(run)滑脂中的導電能力及減摩抗磨性能的研究[J].機械工程學報(bao),2017,53(21):109-117. (HU Yichao, XIA Yanqiu. Conductivity and Tribological Properties of Conductive Polyaniline as Additives in Grease[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2017, 53(21): 109-117.)

　　[11]FAN X Q, XIA Y Q, WANG L P, et al. Study of the Conductivity and Tribological Performance of Ionic Liquid and Lithium Greases[J]. Tribology Letters,2014,53(1):281-291.

　　[12]夏(xia)延秋, 安(an)冰洋. 離子液體修飾(shi)納(na)米(mi)四氧化(hua)三鐵作添加劑(ji)對硅基(ji)潤滑脂摩擦學性能(neng)的影響[J].石油煉制(zhi)與化(hua)工,2020,51(08):76-80.(XIA Yanqiu，AN Bingyang.Effect of Ionic Liquid Modifiednano-Fe3O4 as Additive on Tribological Properties of Silicone Grease[J].Petroleum Processing and Petrochemicals，2020,51(08):76-80.)